Role of media and treatment on an SIR model

n this paper, the impact of awareness programs as well as treatment on an SIR model has been investigated. We assume that the whole population is divided into four compartments, named as susceptible (S), infected (I), aware susceptible (Sa) and recovered (R). Analytical findings and numerical simulations of the model show that if the exposure to the awareness program is high and adequate treatment is available, then the infection can be eliminated. Analysis of the model also depicts that if treatment is not available, then infection is high even if enough awareness is present. But in absence of awareness an infection can not be eliminated inspite of adequate treatment. Effective treatment can led to a diminished level of infection. Stability analysis of the model is investigated by using stability theory of differential equations. Further, numerical simulations are carried out to validate the analytical results

Modeling the dynamics of viral–host interaction during treatment of productively infected cells and free virus involving total immune response

Virus dynamics models are useful in interpreting and predicting the change in viral load over the time and the effect of treatment in emerging viral infections like HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B virus (HBV).We propose a mathematical model involving the role of total immune response (innate, CTL, and humoral) and treatment for productively infected cells and free virus to understand the dynamics of virus–host interactions. A threshold condition for the extinction or persistence of infection, i.e. basic reproductive number, in the presence of immune response (RI ) is established. We study the global stability of virus-free equilibrium and interior equilibrium using LaSalle’s principle and Lyapunov’s direct method. The global stability of virus-free equilibrium ensures the clearance of virus from the body, which is independent of initial status of subpopulations. Central manifold theory is used to study the behavior of equilibrium points at RI = 1, i.e. when the basic reproductive number in the presence of immune response is one. A special case, when the immune response (IR) is not present, has also been discussed. Analysis of special case suggests that the basic reproductive number in the absence of immune response R0 is greater than that of in the presence of immune response RI , i.e. R0> RI . It indicates that infection may be eradicated if RI  < 1. Numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the analytical results using MatLab and Mathematica

Dynamics of an SIR Model with Nonlinear Incidence and Treatment Rate

In this paper, global dynamics of an SIR model are investigated in which the incidence rate is being considered as Beddington-DeAngelis type and the treatment rate as Holling type II (saturated). Analytical study of the model shows that the model has two equilibrium points (diseasefree equilibrium (DFE) and endemic equilibrium (EE)). The disease-free equilibrium (DFE) is locally asymptotically stable when reproduction number is less than one. Some conditions on the model parameters are obtained to show the existence as well as nonexistence of limit cycle. Some sufficient conditions for global stability of the endemic equilibrium using Lyapunov function are obtained. The existence of Hopf bifurcation of model is investigated by using Andronov-Hopf bifurcation theorem. Further, numerical simulations are done to exemplify the analytical studies

The effects of isoflavones on bone density in postmenopausal women at tertiary centre

Background: The objective of study was to study the effect of isoflavone supplement on bone density of postmenopausal women.Methods: Women aged 49–65 y (n = 205) were enrolled in a double-blind, prospective randomized, placebo-controlled trial; 177 completed the trial. Bone density, body composition, bone turnover markers and diet were measured at baseline and after 12 months.Results: Loss of lumbar spine bone mineral content and bone mineral density was significantly lower in the women taking the isoflavone supplement than in those taking the placebo. Interactions between treatment group and menopausal status with respect to changes in other outcomes were not significant.Conclusions: These data suggest that, through attenuation of bone loss, isoflavones have a potentially protective effect on the lumbar spine and femur neck in women

Role of maternal serum Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies and serum C-reactive protein in preterm labour

Background: The objective was to find the role of maternal serum C- reactive protein and Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies as predictors of preterm delivery.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in UISEMH, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur from September 2011 to September 2013. The present study comprised of a total of 100 cases, out of which 50 were in study group and 50 in control group. Cases were compared with respect to presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies and maternal C- reactive protein levels.Results: CRP levels were higher and C. trachomatis immunoglobulin G levels were more often present in the women with preterm deliveries. A total of 20 cases (40%) were found to be seropositive for IgG antibodies to C. trachomatis. The seropositive women were significantly more likely to have a preterm birth (75% [15/20] v. 40% [12/30]; p = 0.0182, odds ratio 4.50, 95% CI 1.29 to 15.67). In study group 21 cases were CRP positive (42%). The CRP positive women were significantly more likely to have a preterm birth (76.2% [16/21] v. 37.93 % [11/29]; p = 0.009, odds ratio 5.24, 95% CI 1.49 to 18.34). Thus risk of preterm delivery was greater in seropositive women and in CRP positive women.Conclusion: The detection of maternal serum C- reactive protein and antichlamydial antibodies are valuable, non-invasive diagnostic procedure for prediction of preterm delivery and can be used as predictors of preterm delivery

Hyperhomocysteinemia: a risk factor in unexplained infertility

Background: To study the role of hyperhomocysteinemia in unexplained infertility and the impact of its correction with vitamin and mineral supplementation.Methods: Total of 60 patients were included with 30 patients in case and 30 patients in control groups. Cases included patients with history of inability to conceive with frequent regular unprotected intercourse for at least 1 year. Controls included age matched parous females with at least one live birth and no history of abortions. Among the patients of unexplained infertility with hyperhomocysteinemia, homocysteine lowering agents were given and outcome studied in the form of lowering of homocysteine levels and number of conceptions.Results: The mean age was 28.1 years in study and 29.5 years in the control group .Mean level of serum homocysteine was significantly higher in study group than normal fertile women i.e.20.5µmol/l and 10.9 µmol/l respectively. Among the patients of unexplained infertility, 22(73.3%) were found to have range above the normal healthy levels. In these patients homocysteine lowering agents were given for 6 weeks and lowering of mean homocysteine levels was observed which was 10.4 µmol/l.  Six (27.3%) patients conceived spontaneously during the follow up period.Conclusions: Serum homocysteine levels are inversely correlated with infertility. Homocysteine lowering agents have a favourable impact on the outcome of infertility and their use is suggested in cases of unexplained infertility associated with hyperhomocysteinemia.

Comparative study of various tocolytics in preterm labour

Background: Preterm birth is one of the major factors responsible for neonatal mortality and morbidity. In this study, we have to see the role of various tocolytics in preventing preterm labour.Methods: The observational study was conducted on 200 patients admitted in Upper India Sugar Exchange Maternity Hospital, Kanpur.Results: In our study calcium channel blocker were associated with statistically and clinically significantly better neonatal outcome and fewer maternal side effects than any other tocolytic. So calcium channel blocker would be preferred first line tocolytic with regard to several important outcomes.Conclusions: Preterm birth continued to be problem for obstetrician. Administration of short term tocolytic agents can prolong pregnancy for women in pre-term labor. Prolonging pregnancy may have benefits because it allows for other proven interventions, such as antenatal corticosteroid administration to be accomplished. The reviews proven an overview currently utilize tocolytic agents and the evidence of demonstrating their efficacy for prolonging pregnancy by at least 48 hours

Maternal and fetal outcome in patients of heart failure at a tertiary care centre

Background: To study maternal and fetal outcome in antenatal patients with heart failure.Methods: The present study was conducted on pregnant female with heart failure admitted to hospital UISEMH, Kanpur from January 2012 to August, 2013. We attended 6800 pregnant female admitted to hospital out of which 48 pregnant female had heart failure during pregnancy or in labour. This was descriptive observational study.Results: Percentage of pregnant female with heart failure in our study was 0.7%. The mean of age distribution in pregnant patients with heart failure is 22.66 ± 2.82 years. Primigravida and primipara contributed to major group with 77.09% (37/48). Delivery was conducted in 33.3%, while 60.4% were expired. 4% of cases lost follow-up. None of patient belonged to AHA class A or B of heart failure. 37.5% were in AHA class C while 62.5% were in class D. Early diagnosis was made in only 16.58% of cases. 75% of early diagnosed case survived in comparison to 32% of late diagnosis. 31.25% cases delivered term healthy babies, 37.5% were dead born and pre-term and small for gestation babies are 12.5% and 18.75% respectively. Of dead born 66.6% were macerated and 33.3% were fresh still-births. Among survivals 57% had ventilator support.Conclusion: Early diagnosis and prompt management improves outcome. Maternal and fetal outcome is dependent on time of diagnosis, severity of heart failure and ventilator support.

Spectroscopic, Magnetic and Morphological studies of MgFe2O4 Nanopowder

Spinel type nano ferrite compound MgFe2O4 was synthesized through sol gel technique using metal nitrates as precursors. The phase composition, morphology and elemental analysis of magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) were performed by X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared, atomic force microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray and scanning electron microscopy, analyses.       The sample's X-ray diffraction pattern verifies the existence of single phase material, with the size of its crystallites estimated to be 39.9 nm. Fourier transform infrared examination supported metal-oxygen vibrations corresponding to tetrahedral and octahedral sites, respectively. From scanning electron microscopy image, grain size obtained about 97.7 nm. Raman spectra of the sample shows five Raman active modes (A1g + Eg + 3F2g), which is compatible with the spinel structure. Magnetic measurement study at room temperature shows a hysteresis loop behaviour with a low saturation magnetization value, 27.192 emu g-1 and a small coercivity value. The optical band gap determined using UV-visible transmittance spectra. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to confirm oxidation states and explore the chemical composition of the sample